In the same year the German bacteriologist and hygienist Carl Fluegge showed that bacteria-laden droplets coming from the mouth and the nose could easily spread during everyday conversations ( 4). In 1897 the Polish surgeon Johannes von Mikulicz-Radecki, a pioneer of antiseptic measures and a creator of innovative surgical techniques, was among the first doctors to use gloves during surgical interventions and he also created a full surgical face mask to prevent infections. Unfortunately, his proposal to extrapolate this for human protection did not have much success, but the way was paved for future progress ( 3). Jessup, author of published scientific observations on contagious diseases and their prevention, wrote that cotton gauze stoppers prevented bacteria from entering test tubes.
In the XVIII and XIX centuries a number of advances regarding personal protection devices in health care were achieved, and in 1878 the US physician A.J. The plague doctor outfit appears, in the history of medicine, as one of the first practical examples of the theoretical concept of full individual protection equipment, since it also comprised shoes, gloves, a robe, a shawl and a top hat in addition to the face mask ( 1, 2). These beaks were filled with scented spices and perfumes to filter out the plague and to mask “bad air”. The face mask included eye sockets of glass and leather headdresses with long, pointed beaks.
The adoption of items similar to face masks by human beings dates back to the remote past.įrom the beginning of the XVII century onwards in Europe physicians in charge of curing patients with plague wore a typical costume.
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